The UK’s immigration landscape has shifted dramatically in the years following Brexit. One group that often flies under the radar is frontier workers—EU citizens who continue to live outside the UK but travel to the UK for work. Although they do not settle permanently, their presence remains essential in many sectors across the country. With new rules kicking in from July 22, 2025, it’s more important than ever for frontier workers to understand their rights, responsibilities, and options under the UK’s immigration system.

Who is a frontier worker?

A frontier worker is someone who lives outside the UK but works inside it. Specifically, this status applies to EU, EEA, and Swiss nationals who started working in the UK before 31 December 2020 and continue to do so, while maintaining their main home in another country. Their work must be regular and genuine—casual jobs or minimal contracts don’t count.

Importantly, this status is not open to British citizens and is not the same as being a resident in the UK. Frontier workers commute for employment or self-employment and return home frequently.

The impact of Brexit on frontier workers

Before Brexit, EU citizens had the right to live and work freely across the UK. But when the transition period ended on 31 December 2020, this freedom ceased. To protect those who had already established work patterns in the UK, the government introduced the frontier worker permit.

This permit acts as a legal bridge—recognising the rights of EU workers who didn’t move to the UK permanently but played (and still play) a vital role in the economy.

The frontier worker permit: what you need to know

The frontier worker permit is a digital document proving your right to enter the UK for work. To qualify, you must:

• Be an EU, EEA, or Swiss national
• Live mainly outside the UK
• Have worked in the UK before 31 December 2020
• Continue working in the UK at least once every 12 months

The work must be more than minimal. Genuine employment, regular contracts, or self-employed work like plumbing, consultancy, or delivery services count.

The permit is free, and you don’t need to pay the immigration health surcharge. It doesn’t lead to settlement, but it allows you to legally continue working in the UK.

How to apply

Applications are submitted online through the UK government’s official website. You’ll need:

• Valid proof of identity
• Evidence of ongoing work in the UK
• Proof of your residence outside the UK
• Documents showing your work began before the end of 2020

If you hold a biometric passport, you can usually verify your identity using the UK Immigration: ID Check app. Most applications are processed within 10 working days, although complex cases can take longer.

Can family members come with you?

One of the biggest limitations of the frontier worker permit is that it does not allow dependants or family members to apply under the same route. Unlike the EU Settlement Scheme, the frontier permit is for individual use only.

If your spouse, children, or partner want to move to the UK with you, they’ll need to qualify under a separate visa route—such as the family visa or work visa. This restriction has caused frustration for many frontier workers who had hoped for more flexibility. If long-term UK residency becomes necessary for family reasons, switching to a different visa category may be the better route.

What if you missed the deadline?

The permit scheme is technically still open, but only to those who can prove they started working in the UK before 31 December 2020. If you were eligible but failed to apply in time, you may still submit an application—but you must provide reasonable grounds for delay.

Examples of acceptable reasons include:

• Serious illness
• Bereavement
• Lack of information due to language or personal circumstances
• COVID-related travel or health issues

Late applications are reviewed case by case. It’s crucial to provide strong evidence to support your reason. Legal assistance can significantly improve your chances of approval.

What kind of work can you do?

As a frontier worker, you’re allowed to enter and work in the UK on a temporary basis. This includes:

• Employment (full-time, part-time, or shift-based)
• Self-employment (freelancers, tradespeople, consultants)

However, you cannot:

• Live in the UK permanently
• Access most UK public funds or housing support
• Use the permit to sponsor others

The permit is a functional tool—useful for those who need to cross the border for work regularly without settling permanently.

Which industries rely on frontier workers?

Frontier workers are common in sectors that rely on cross-border mobility, especially near the UK border or where seasonal work is key. The top industries include:

• Construction – Bricklayers, scaffolders, electricians commuting for major projects
• Agriculture – Seasonal farm workers from Europe during harvesting seasons
• Transport and logistics – HGV drivers, delivery drivers managing UK-EU routes
• Health and social care – Nurses and healthcare aides in hospitals near borders
• Hospitality – Hotel staff and kitchen workers, particularly in busy urban centres

These workers are vital to the UK economy, yet many still don’t realise they can preserve their work rights through the permit.

What changes from july 22, 2025?

From July 22, 2025, the UK government will enforce stricter rules around the frontier worker permit. These include:

• Tighter scrutiny on whether work is genuine and effective
• Requirement to submit updated proof of ongoing work every 12 months
• Restrictions on accessing UK public funds and social benefits
• Enhanced compliance checks, including spot audits at the border
• Possibility of revocation if national security concerns arise

These changes aim to ensure the system isn’t misused. Frontier workers must now be more organised—keeping clear records, contracts, and proof of travel.

Renewal and travel rules

The frontier worker permit is usually issued for five years, but in some cases (like interrupted work patterns), it may only be valid for two. To renew, you must still live primarily outside the UK and continue working here at least once every 12 months.

Travel flexibility is a key advantage. You can enter and leave the UK freely, provided your permit is valid and your work remains regular. However, too many long absences without work could jeopardise your renewal chances.

Healthcare and housing access

Frontier workers can access NHS healthcare during their time in the UK, without paying the Immigration Health Surcharge. However, this access may be limited compared to full residents.

You’re usually expected to rely on healthcare in your home country, especially if you have an EHIC (European Health Insurance Card). Housing support from UK councils or universal credit is generally not available unless you switch to another visa route that allows residency and access to public funds.

How Bs Immigration can help

Navigating the frontier worker system is complex—and about to become even more so. At BS Immigration, we specialise in helping EU nationals protect their rights, meet documentation requirements, and avoid common mistakes that lead to delays or rejections.

Whether you’re:

• Applying for a frontier permit for the first time
• Submitting a late application with special circumstances
• Renewing an existing permit
• Exploring family or alternative visa options

—we’ve got your back.

Our team is up to date on every new change in the law, including the July 2025 updates. We’ll guide you from start to finish with clarity, honesty, and expert care.